Exas Philippines, Incorporated Company Case Essay

Exas Philippines, Incorporated is a privately owned company by Japanese investor and run and managed by Japanese consultants and experts. It’s main business since the birth of their mother company are METAL STAMPING PRODUCTION (transient or manual and progressive dieset) and TOOL and DIE DESIGNING, PROCESSING and VALIDATION. I belonged in these two production businesses. Our department receives customers’ product technical drawings. We make tool and die design as basis for quotations then customers feedback for approval for the design price. Then processing follows on metal parts components of the go project(s). Assembly will follow of the processed tool and die. Validation follows to deliver engineering samples based on specifications required. Once the delivered samples are approved in their line assembly, mass production will follow at our metal stamping production area. Today, Exas Philippines has been adopting several methods and techniques to add and improve its methods of productivity and quality that is far better than existing technology. This development however, fully sustained daily activities that affect daily production output of the manufacturing industry including transportation. In fact, the effect of certain method and process shows as one of the largest components that helps the company to be more competitive in the market today. Within it, this methods and innovation plays a main role in satisfying customer demand developing trust and confidence among others. One known product that this company produced is MAIN PLATE, a metal stamped part that serves as the major component of digital camera to be assembled in Pentax Philippines, one known customer of ours. Among other parts suppliers, Exas Philippines remains one of its biggest and trusted plastic molding and metal stamped parts supplier for almost a decade. Trust and confidence we did to sustained and keep for future partnership ahead. In this matter, some market, somehow develop a unique and effective process approach in all its product and services. In such, inquiring new and state of the art tools and machineries, successful management program and improved process which could allure investors and potential customers in general. Moreover, products and services providers in an open market like us, need to innovate and enhance operation to the maximum utilization of resources and cost to be more competitive, especially commercial value of our products and services were greatly controlled and dictated by our customers. Where at point, it is a need for the manufacturing industry to forecast total profit prior to producing or launching a certain project through extensive process evaluation and analysis of every aspect of manufacturing and somehow build and innovate unique and well-develop processes. Since main plate manufacturing process and cost involves values need to be considered and improved, moreover, it has the longest and overmanned process to date as evidenced by the results of the operation production and delivery during the first two months. And with the company’s aim for â€Å" Continuous Improvement† and â€Å"Process Optimization†, the researcher conducted this study for possible remedies and measure which has to be developed to improve this poor performance process operation. CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE II STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study helps to improve the present methods to be more efficient and productive. Thus, it is the goal to optimize production output of Main Plate. The study conducted specifically and systematically to provide answer to the following: 1) Are the present methods or set up efficient in terms of the following? 1) Process lay-out activities evident for cheaper and safer process. 2) Process flow chart implemented specifies steps required in terms of lay-out cost. 2) Can the material be improved for cost analysis? 1) Pricing 2) Material kind 3) Material rejection or scrappage 3) Is the manpower available sufficient enough? 1) Manpower vs. Process lay-out 2) Manpower vs. Machines 3) Man-hours requirement vs. Production plan 4) Machineries and fixtures fully utilized? 1) Press stamping machine utilization per day 2) Bench drill for chamfering and tool bits utilization 3) Pneumatic tool grinder, cutting and polishing tools utilization 4) Degreasing Machine Utilization b) What would be the proposal to modify or improve the high cost of production of Main Plate in terms of ? b.1) Labor cost b.2) Machine and Equipment set up c) How would modification of the process benefits the company, the department, the employees, the valued customer as well as the researcher? II SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study helps the company understand the nature and true cost of work and reducing unnecessary costs, and balancing processes in the line to make work flow smoother. It also helps the company to be more competitive in an open market, highly productive and profitable in return. Also using effective techniques that will enhance processing time will eventually increases productivity with less cost, less manpower and man-hour requirements. This study serves as the guidelines for the manufacturing department to determine man and machine effective planning, established time and motion standards to improve production planning and material preparation in general. It will also provide relevant information in settling financial statement, resource allocation and product estimating cost and value. For the employees, it will boost their morale for work since there is that proper division of work load, improve their working conditions and environment. This will also benefit me since I learn time and motion study from this project. I could apply this at my working section, at my home as learning for my family for time management for better results. To the company’s valued customers and business partners, the assurance of on-time deliveries with satisfying high quality product is highly guaranteed. CHAPTER II THE DATA Scope and Limitation: The study conducted by the researcher is focusing mainly on ten (10) different processes involve in producing MAIN PLATE product. The following are the processes: 1) Blanking 6) Flattener 2 2) Piercing 7) Tapping 3) Chamfering 8) Degreasing 4) Flattener 1 9) Visual Checking 5) Polishing 10) Final Packing The entire processing of the product is the main scope of the project where most of the critical problems has been found and identified. The primary targets of the research are to established standard time and methods to be followed in the processing of the said product as well as to improve productivity and reduce manufacturing cost. The project involves considerable cost . Some of them involve a large number of activities which must be carefully planned and coordinated. There are few which can be completed on time, cost and performance targets. Furthermore, another aim of the study is to determine how profitable are the new and improved methods established by the researcher.

Negotiable Instrument Act 1881

The Negotiable Instrument Act 1881 Compiled By Neelakshi Jaidka OBJECTIVES After reading this lesson, you should be able to- †¢ Understand meaning, essential characteristics and types of negotiable instruments; †¢ Describe the meaning and marketing of cheques, crossing of cheques and cancellation of crossing of a cheque; †¢ Explain capacity and liability parties to a negotiable instruments; and †¢ Understand various provisions of negotiable instrument Act, 1881 regarding negotiation, assignment, endorsement, acceptance, etc. of negotiable instruments.INTRODUCTION * The Negotiable Instruments Bill was passed by the Council and received assent on December 9, 1881. The Act came into force from March 1, 1882. * Prior to its enactment, the provision of the English Negotiable Instrument were applicable in India, * It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. * The Act operates subject to the provisions of Sections 31 and 32 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 * Premable â€Å"An Act to define and Law relating to Promissory Notes, Bills of Exchange and cheques† MEANING: – negotiable instrument means an instrument the property in which is acquired by any one who takes it bonafide and for the value notwithstanding any defect in the title of the prior party . DEFINITION [SEC 13] A negotiable instrument means – A promissory note; or – Bill of exchange; or – Cheque – Payable either to order or Bearer. CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT {SEC 13} 1 Freely transferable from one person to another person. 2 The holder in due course obtains good title of the instrument notwithstanding any defect in the previous holder. 3 HDC of a negotiable instrument can sue on the instrument in his own name. Transferable infinite times till its maturity. PRESUMPTIONS AS TO NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT {sec 118} 1. CONSIDERATION:-Every negotiable instrument was made, accepted, endorsed or drawn for consid eration 2. DATE: – every negotiable instrument bearing a date was made or drawn on that date. 3. Time of acceptance: – every bill of exchange was accepted within a reasonable time after the date mentioned on it but before of its maturity. 4. Time of transfer:- every transfer of negotiable instrument was made before its maturity. 5. STAMP:-lost promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque was duly stamped. 6.HDC: – that the holder of N/I is a HDC . PROMISSORY NOTE {SEC. 4} Definition: – A ‘Promissory note’ is an instrument in writing (Not being a bank- note or a currency note) containing an Unconditional undertaking signed by the maker to pay a Certain sum of money only to a certain person; or the Order of a certain person. Essentials Characteristics of a Promissory Note 1. Writing: – Promissory note must be in writing. Writing includes print and typewriting. Oral promise can not Constitute a valid promissory note. Generally consideratio n, Place and date of making need not be mentioned on the promissory note. . Promise to pay:- (a) A Promissory note must contain an undertaking Promise to pay. (b) Mere acknowledgment of debt is not sufficient.  ©Use of word â€Å"promise’’ is not mandatory, but the maker should bind himself to pay. EX. :- â€Å"I have received a sum of Rs. 5,000 from Sohan. This amount will be repaid on demand’’. 3. Unconditional promise:- (a) The undertaking/ promise to pay should be unconditional and definite. (b)Unconditional event means an event which is certain to happen but the time of its occurrence is uncertain. Examples:- â€Å"I promise to pay B Rs. 00, seven days after may marriage with C’’ cannot constitute a promissory note because a condition as to marriage is attached. A writes – â€Å"I promise to pay C Rs. 25,000, 7days after the death of B’’. This is a valid promissory note and is not conditional, since only the t ime of death of B is uncertain, but is sure to happen. 4. Signed by the maker:-Promissory note should be signed by the maker himself. Where it is written and the name of the maker appears in the instrument, but is not signed, it shall not constitute a valid promissory note. 5. Payee to be a certain person: – Promissory note should specify the payee in clear terms i. . by name, son of, and resident of, etc. The payment can also be identified by description. 6. Certain some of money:- Sum payable must be certain or capable of being made certain. The sum shall be deemed to be certain when the rate of interest is specified. Money may be payable in installments is also a valid promissory note. Examples:- â€Å"I promise to pay Balu, Rs. 10,000, and all other sums which shall be due’’ is not valid since the sum is not certain. 7. Payment of Money only:- There must be a promise to pay only money and not other consideration, e. g. â€Å"I promise to pay B a sum of Rs. 0,000 and deliver him my Scorpio Car’’ is not valid. 8. Duly stamped and dated:- Stamps of requisite amount and description must be affixed on the instrument and duly cancelled either before or at the time of its execution. If the promissory note is not dated, it is presumed to have been made on the date of its delivery. Bill of exchange {Sec. 5} Definition: – A ‘bill of exchange’ is an instrument in Writing containing an unconditional order, singed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain a sum of money only to, a certain person; or the order of a certain person; or the bearer of the instrument.Essentials Characteristics of a Bill of Exchange (a)It must be in writing (b)It must contain n expresses order to pay (c)The order to pay must be definite and unconditional (d) It must be signed by the drawer (e)The sum contained in the order must be certain (f)The order must be to pay money only (g)Drawer, drawee and payee must be certain (usually, same person is the drawer and payee) (h)It must be stamped. Parties to a Bill of Exchange Drawer:- The person who draws the bill (i. e. , the person who makes the bill) is called a drawer. His liability is secondary and conditional.His liability is primary and conditional until the bill is accepted. Drawee:- 1. The person on whom the bill is drawn is called as drawee. 2. On acceptance of the bill- He is called as Acceptor, he becomes liable for the payment of the Bill; his liability is primary and unconditional. Payee: – The person to whom money is to be paid is named in the bill. He is called as payee. Cheque {Sec. 6} Definition:- cheque is a bill of exchange, drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than on demand. It includes, the electronic image of a truncated cheque; and a cheque in the electronic form.Essentials characteristics of a cheque:- (a)The definition starts with the â€Å"cheque is a bill of exchange† so it must sa tisfy all the essential features of a valid bill of exchange. (b)It is always drawn on a specified banker. Banker includes any person acting as a banker and any post office saving bank [Sec. 3]. (c)It is always payable on demand and not otherwise. (d) other point * It is drawn on a banker * there are three parties – the drawer, the drawee, and the payee. * It is seldom drawn in sets * It does not require acceptance by the drawee. Days of grace are not allowed to a banker * No stamp duty is payable on checks * It is usually drawn on the printed format Form of cheque: – A cheque may be drawn in 3 forms:- (1. )Bearer cheque: – Expressed to be payable to bearer or the last endorsement is an endorsement in blank. (2. )Crossed cheque: – Cheque that can be collected only through a banker. Promissory Note| Bill of Exchange| * It is promise to pay| * It is anorder to pay| * There are only two parties the drawer, and the payee. | * There are three parties, the draw er, the drawee, and the payee. * There is no necessity of acceptance| * It must be accepted| * The maker is primarily liable| * The drawer is not primarily liable. | * It is never drawn in sets| * Foreign bills are specially drawn in sets. | * Protesting is not necessary after dishonour| * A foreign bill must be protested upon dishonor. | SOME MORE TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS Bearer Instrument [Sec. 13]:- An instrument which is expressed to be payable to bearer or an instrument on which the last endorsement is in blank. Promissory note can not be made payable to bearer.Bill of exchange- can not be made payable to bearer on demand. Order Instrument:- An instrument payable to a specified person or his order. Order instrument can be transferred by endorsement and delivery. Based on location:- Inland Instrument:- A negotiable instrument is an inland instrument if, it is drawn or made in India; It is payable in India or is drawn on a person resident in India. An inland instrument remains inland even if it has been endorsed to a foreign country. Foreign Instrument [Sec. 12]:-A negotiable instrument which is not an inland instrument is called as foreign instrument.Based on payment:- Demand Instrument:- An instrument which is expressed to be payable on demand. An instrument on which time for payment (i. e. maturity date) is not specified. Time Instrument:- An instrument in which time for payment(i. e. maturity date) is specified. A time instrument may be payable- on a specific day; or after a specified period; or certain period after sight; or on happening of an even which is certain to happen. Incomplete / Inchoate Instrument {Sec. 20} Conditions for an inchoate instrument:- (a)A person signs a negotiable instrument. (b)The negotiable instrument is stamped c)The negotiable instrument is either wholly blank or is partially blank. (d)The person signing such negotiable instrument delivers it to another person. Legal effect:- The holder gets a prima facie authority to make or c omplete the negotiable instrument. Liability on an inchoate instrument:- Rights of a person to whom an inchoate instrument is delivered – He can recover only such amount as he was authorized to fill. Rights of holder in due course – He can recover the whole amount stated in the instrument, but not exceeding the amount covered by the stamps. Accommodation Bills {sec. 43}An accommodation bill means a bill which is drawn, accepted without consideration Provision relating to such bills: – ( a) The accommodated party cannot, after he has paid the amount of the bill, recover the amount from any person who become a party to the bill for his accommodation. ( b) The person who become the holder of such a bill in good faith and for consideration, after maturity, may recover the amount from any prior party. Meaning of crossing:- Crossing means a direction given By the drawer of the cheque to the drawee bank, not To pay the cheque at the counter of the bank. The Payment can be collected only though a banker.Types of crossing {Sec. 123 to 131 A} Nature of crossing| Requirements| Effects| Format| General crossing| The cheque must contain two parallel Transverse lines| The cheque must be paid only to a banker| | Special crossing| The cheque must contain the name of a banker. Special crossing may be made only once| Cheque must be paid only to the banker to whom it is crossed. Special crossing can not be converted into general crossing. | | Not negotiable crossing| The cheque must contain the words ‘not negotiable’. The cheque must be crossed generally or specially| The cheque nevertheless remains negotiable.The title of the transferee shall not be better than the title of the transferor. | | A/c payee crossing, i. e. restrictive crossing| The cheque must contain the words ‘A/c payee’ or ‘A/c payee only’. The cheque must be crossed Generally or specially| The cheque does not remain negotiable anymore. Based on transfe r procedure| | Maturity of a Negotiable Instrument {Sec. 22} Meaning:- It means the date on which the negotiable instrument falls due for payment. Days of grace:- A negotiable instrument which is payable otherwise than on demand is entitled to 3 days of grace. Calculation of days of maturity {Sec. 3 to 25} CASE| DATE OF MATURITY| Negotiable instrument payable on a specified day. | Specified day + 3rd day| Negotiable instrument payable on a stated number of days after date| Date on which negotiable instrument is Drawn + stated number of days + 3rd day| Negotiable instrument payable on a stated number of days after sight| Date on which negotiable instrument is presented for sight + stated number of days + 3rd day| Negotiable instrument payable on a stated number of days after happening of a certain event| Date on which such event happens + stated number of days + 3rd day. Negotiable instrument payable on stated number of month after date. | Corresponding day of the relevant month (i. e. , date on which negotiable instrument is drawn + stated number of month) + 3rd day| Negotiable instrument payable on stated number of month after sight| Corresponding day of the relevant month (i. e. , Date on which negotiable instrument is presented for sight + stated number of months) + 3rd day. | Negotiable Instrument payable on stated number of months after happening of a certain event| Corresponding day of the relevant month (i. . , Date on which such event happens + stated number of months) + 3rd day| If the day of maturity of negotiable instrument is a public holiday| Immediately preceding business day| If the day of maturity of negotiable instrument is an emergency or unforeseen public holiday| Immediately succeeding business day| Note: – If in the relevant month, there is no corresponding day, the last day of such month shall be taken. HOLDER {Sec. 8}A holder of a negotiable instrument is a person entitled in his own name to the possession there of and to receive or recover the amount due an negotiable instrument from the parties liable on negotiable instrument. HOLDER IN DUE COURSE {Sec. 9} A ‘holder in due course’ is a person who- *must be a holder. *must have become the holder for consideration. *must have obtained the possession of negotiable instrument before maturity. *must have obtained the negotiable instrument in good faith. PRIVILEGES OF A HOLDER IN DUE COURSE * Every prior party to a negotiable instrument is liable to a HDC. A holder who derives title from HDC has the same right as that of a HDC. * No prior party can set up a defence that the negotiable instrument was drawn, made or endorsed by him without any consideration. * No prior party can set up a defence that the negotiable instrument was lost or was obtained from him by offence or fraud or for an unlawful consideration. Thus, HDC gets a valid title to the negotiable instrument even though the title of the transferor was defective. * No prior party can allege that negotiable instrument was delivered conditionally or for a special purpose only. HDC can claim full amount of the negotiable instrument (but not exceeding the amount covered by the stamp) even though such amount is in excess of the amount authorized by the person delivering an inchoate negotiable instrument. Difference between holder and HDC BASIS | HOLDER| HDC| Consideration| A person becomes a holder even if he obtains the negotiable instrument without any consideration. | A person becomes HDC only if he obtains the negotiable instrument for consideration. | Before maturity| A person becomes a holder even if he obtains the negotiable instrument after the maturity of the negotiable instrument. A person becomes HDC only if he obtains the negotiable instrument before its maturity. | Good Faith| A person becomes the holder, even if he does not obtain the negotiable instrument in good faith. | HDC, a person who obtain the negotiable instrument on good faith. | Privileges| A holder is not entitled to the privileges, which are available for HDC. | A HDC is entitled to various privileges as specified under the negotiable instrument act, 1881. | Right to use | A holder can not sue all the prior parties. | A HDC can sue all the prior parties. | Negotiation {sec 14}Meaning: – Negotiation means transfer of a negotiable instrument to any other person so as to constitute that person the holder of such negotiable instrument. Methods of negotiation: – *Negotiation by delivery – 1. A bearer instrument may be negotiated by delivery. 2. The delivery must be voluntary *Negotiation by endorsement and delivery An order instrument can be negotiated only by way of 1. Endorsement; and 2. Delivery. Endorsement {sec 15} When the maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the same *otherwise than as such maker *for the purpose of negotiation on the back or face thereof or on a slip of paper annexed thereto, *or so sign for the same purpose a stamped pape r intended to be completed as a negotiable instrument *he is said to endorse the same, and is called the ‘Endorse’. The person in whose favour the endorsement made is called ‘Endorsee’. EFFECT OF ENDORSEMENT The endorsement of an instrument, followed by delivery, transfers to the endorsee the property in the instrument with right of further negotiation. TYPES OF ENDORSEMENT 1. Endorsement in blank *Endorsement in blank means an endorsement made by the endorser without writing the name of the endorsement. The instrument is payable to bearer even though originally payable to order. 2. Endorsement in full Special endorsement means an endorsement made by a holder by- (a)Signing his name; and (b)Added a direction to pay the amount to a specified person. 3. Restrictive endorsement *An endorsement which restricts the right of further negotiation is called as restrictive endorsement. 4. Partial endorsement *An endorsement which purports to transfer only a part of t he amount of the instrument is called as partial endorsement. Partial endorsement is not valid at law. . Conditional endorsement An endorser may, by express words in the endorsement- (a)Make his liability, or (b)Make the right of endorsee to receive the amount Depend upon the happening of a certain event, although such event may never happen. ACCEPTANCE {Sec. 7 and 86} Meaning of acceptance (sec. 7)| (a) The drawee signs the bill; and (b) The drawee delivers it to the holder of the bill; or the drawee gives notice of acceptance to the holder of the bill. | Effect (sec. 7)| The drawee becomes the acceptor. | Essential of a valid acceptance (sec. )| (a) Written (whether on the face or back of the bill) (b) Signed (signature without the word ‘accepted’ is also valid) (c) Signing on the bill (d) Delivery or intimation to the holder that the has been accepted. | Types of acceptance (sec. 86)| (a) General- Acceptance of bill without any qualification. (b) Qualified- Acceptanc e of bill subject to some qualification (e. g. , accepting the bill subject to the condition that the payment of bill shall be made only on happening of an event specified there in. | Effect of qualified acceptance (sec. 6)| (a) The holder may object to the qualified acceptance. In such a case, it shall be treated that the bill is dishonoured due to non- acceptance. (b) He may give his consent to the qualified acceptance. In such a case, all the previous parties, not consenting to it, are discharged. | PAYMENT IN DUE COURSE 1. Payment is made as per apparent tenor 2. Payment is made in good faith 3. Payment is made without negligence 4. Payment is made in money only. MATERIAL ALTERATION Meaning:- An alteration is called as material alteration if it alters- *the character or operation (i. e. he legal effect) of a negotiable instrument, or *the rights and liabilities of the parties to a negotiable instrument. What is material alteration? | What is NOT Material Alteration? | Alteration regarding-(a)Date,(b)Time of payment,(c)Place of payment,(d)Sum payable(e)Opening a crossed cheque,(f)Relationship between parties,(g)Converting an order cheque into a bearer cheque. | (a)Filling blank of the instrument,(b)Conversion of blank endorsement into endorsement in full,(c)Crossing of Cheque,(d)Conversion a General Crossing into Special Crossing, like addition of word â€Å"A/c payee† or â€Å"Not Negotiable†. e)Cancelling the word bearer and making cheque payable to order. (f)Alternation made with the consent of the parties. | Effect of a material alteration {sec. 87} *Any material alteration of a negotiable instrument renders the same void as against any One who is a party there at the time of making such alteration and does not consent thereto. *But, a material alteration is valid, if it was made so as to carry out common intention of the original parties. Negotiation Back {Sec. 90} MeaningWhen an endorser, after he has negotiated an instrument, again beco mes a holder before its maturity, the instrument is said to be negotiated back to that holder. Effect:- 1. In a negotiation back, none of the intermediate holder / endorsers is liable to the holder. 2. The general rule, that a holder in due course may sue all prior parties to the instrument does not apply. 3. However, where a prior party has excluded its liability on the instrument and the negotiable instrument is negotiated back to him, he may sue all intermediate endorsers. DISCHARGE OF A NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT Payment in due course:- A negotiable instrument is discharged if the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument makes the payment in due course. *When the payment is made, the negotiable instrument must be cancelled or the fact of payment must be recorded negotiable instrument. Cancellation:- Where the holder cancels the name of the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument, with intent to discharge him, the negotiable instrument is discharged. Release:- W here the holder releases or renounces his right against the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument, the negotiable instrument is discharge.Negotiation back:- Where a party primarily liable on a negotiable instrument becomes the holders of the negotiable instrument, the negotiable is discharged. DISCHAGE OF A PARTY {Sec. 82 to 90} Payment:- Payment by a party who is secondarily liable on a negotiable instrument discharges the holder and all parties subsequent to the party making payment of the negotiable instrument. Cancellation:- Where the holder cancels the name of any party liable on the negotiable instrument (other than the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument), such a party and all parties subsequent to him are discharged.Release:- Where the holder releases any party liable negotiable instrument (other than the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument), such a party and all parties subsequent to him are discharged. Allowing drawee more than 48 hours to accept:- All prior parties not consenting to the same are discharged from liability to such holder. Qualified acceptance:- Where a holder of the bill consents to qualified acceptance, all the prior parties who did not consent to qualified acceptance are discharge. Material alteration:- Every party not consenting to a material alteration negotiable instrument is discharged.Negotiation back:- Where a party already liable on the negotiable instrument becomes the holder of negotiable instrument, such a party and all intermediate parties to whom such a party was previously liable shall be discharge. Operation of law:- *A party is discharged if the negotiable instrument becomes time barred. *A party is discharged if he is declared as an insolvent by the court. Dishonour by Non- Acceptance {sec. 91} A bill is dishonoured by non- acceptance if it is duty presented for acceptance, but the drawee refuses to accept the bill.Cases in which bill are dishonoured by non- acceptance:- (a) When the drawee makes default in acceptance upon being duly required to accept the bill. (b) In case there is two or more drawee who are not partners, if the bills is not accepted by all the drawee. (c) Where the drawee is a fictitious person. (d) When the drawee can not be found even after a reasonable search. (e) When the drawee is incompetent to contract. (f) Where the drawee gives a conditional acceptance and the holder does not give his consent to the conditional acceptance.Effect:- *The holder gets an immediate right to sue all the prior parties. *He need not wait till the maturity of the bill for it to be dishonoured on presentment for payment. Dishonour by Non- Payment {sec. 92} A negotiable instrument is dishonoured by non- payment, when presentment for payment is excused and the instrument remain unpaid after maturity- In case of| Default in payment made by| Promissory note| Maker of the note| Bill of Exchange| Acceptor of the bill. | Cheque| Drawee of the Cheque. |

An Analysis of Piggy and Jacks Temperament in Lord of the Flies

Analysis of the temperament of pig and Jack in fly of the Lord In the novel Lies of the Lord, William Golding created an island representing the world's microcosm. The characters in the book have unique and different personality to simulate the real world. All the children of the island are different. Each character belongs to the temperament of a craftsman, rational, idealist or guardian. The personality of the character helps determine their personality. The uninhabited island of the fly became a symbolic image of the Earth, where civilization (Ralph and Pig community) was created and destroyed (Tribe of Jack), forming a new country (2 camps The juveniles of the earth parted, diplomatic relations began (Ralph - Jacques), a war broke out (Jack, Morris, Roger adds Ralph and pigs), and a new religious belief is formed (worship Flying King ) Flying King has three protagonists, Ralph, Piggy and Jack. Jack is a symbol of emotion and barbarism. He earned his living by hunting, dominated d ictators, and led the purpose of evil. Piglets are weak. He is an abandoned person, but he is a very smart, real, intellectual friend. As a former leader of the boys' group, Ralph tried to remain reasonable and just. Ralph is an important part of this story. Examples of leadership, behavior, courage, thinking, external influences, and excerpts to better understand this role In the novel The Lord of the Flies, three boys, Jack, Ralph, Pig are used to explore three kinds of characters. The impulsiveness and sexuality of Jack Merridew proved his identity, Ralph tried to keep peace to show himself, and pig's excessive judgment Self was used to explore the supergo . If they are isolated, the new personality of each child will be the devastating effect of their separation and loneliness. Three children of the same age and sex show how to fix personality to the side of a particular person. People's way of thinking depends on the circumstances and circumstances of the person. Personality ca n not be defined or fixed to a specific category. Personality is influenced by individuals and their own experiences and is not influenced by their specific aspects. I recently read William Golding 's Golding (1954). This book has various psychological aspects; I do not know where to start from! Jack, Ralph, and pig of the hero can be seen as three conflicting aspects of the heart; trying to maintain harmony, Id is Jack, Superego is Piggy, and Ego is Ralf. Ralf played his father's role, which may have happened due to his strong attachment to his father and therefore likely to mimic his adult behavior (Bandura, 1965). Even parachuting is a phobia of Beast, or a bullying act of a pig scorpion, which is a matter of psychology. An Analysis of Piggy and Jacks Temperament in Lord of the Flies Analysis of the temperament of pig and Jack in fly of the Lord In the novel Lies of the Lord, William Golding created an island representing the world's microcosm. The characters in the book have unique and different personality to simulate the real world. All the children of the island are different. Each character belongs to the temperament of a craftsman, rational, idealist or guardian. The personality of the character helps determine their personality. The uninhabited island of the fly became a symbolic image of the Earth, where civilization (Ralph and Pig community) was created and destroyed (Tribe of Jack), forming a new country (2 camps The juveniles of the earth parted, diplomatic relations began (Ralph - Jacques), a war broke out (Jack, Morris, Roger adds Ralph and pigs), and a new religious belief is formed (worship Flying King ) Flying King has three protagonists, Ralph, Piggy and Jack. Jack is a symbol of emotion and barbarism. He earned his living by hunting, dominated d ictators, and led the purpose of evil. Piglets are weak. He is an abandoned person, but he is a very smart, real, intellectual friend. As a former leader of the boys' group, Ralph tried to remain reasonable and just. Ralph is an important part of this story. Examples of leadership, behavior, courage, thinking, external influences, and excerpts to better understand this role In the novel The Lord of the Flies, three boys, Jack, Ralph, Pig are used to explore three kinds of characters. The impulsiveness and sexuality of Jack Merridew proved his identity, Ralph tried to keep peace to show himself, and pig's excessive judgment Self was used to explore the supergo . If they are isolated, the new personality of each child will be the devastating effect of their separation and loneliness. Three children of the same age and sex show how to fix personality to the side of a particular person. People's way of thinking depends on the circumstances and circumstances of the person. Personality ca n not be defined or fixed to a specific category. Personality is influenced by individuals and their own experiences and is not influenced by their specific aspects. I recently read William Golding 's Golding (1954). This book has various psychological aspects; I do not know where to start from! Jack, Ralph, and pig of the hero can be seen as three conflicting aspects of the heart; trying to maintain harmony, Id is Jack, Superego is Piggy, and Ego is Ralf. Ralf played his father's role, which may have happened due to his strong attachment to his father and therefore likely to mimic his adult behavior (Bandura, 1965). Even parachuting is a phobia of Beast, or a bullying act of a pig scorpion, which is a matter of psychology.

Evaluation of Department of Homeland Security Management Research Paper

Evaluation of Department of Homeland Security Management - Research Paper Example It will be noted that the human capital strategic planning is in place to ensure that processes concerning human resource planning such as hiring, pay programs, and retention are undertaken through a more holistic model that provides an integration into the larger strategic plan of any organization for which it works (U.S. Executive Office of the President, 2004). Consequently, it can be said that this inclusion process ensures a more compact human resource planning program. The second component of the agency’s human resource system that can be analyzed is the rate of emphasis that the agency places on internal hiring. Hiring is a very important aspect of all human resource management roles as it sets the tone for the human resource base of an organization to be established. Consequently, the actual structures of the human resource base of an agency, including the weaknesses and strengths of the agency depend largely on the mechanisms that take place during the hiring process. As a part of the homeland security’s human resource management policy, preference is always given to internal employees from lower ranks whose competencies and experience permit for them to occupy vacant positions that exist on top of their hierarchy (U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 2004). This does not mean, however, that no room is created for external hiring, but that this is minimized until the time when internal placements have been exhausted. In effect, the most likely position to hire from outside the organization is in very low divisions. Finally, the agency has a locality and special rate supplements in relation to retention that is used as a major human resource planning policy to ensure the retention of a diversified workforce. With a labeling of locality and a special rate, the commonest idea that comes to mind is that this form of rates is different from the generalized rates used by all other governmental agencies a nd institutions (Schwemle, 2004). In the case of homeland security, this provision has been made to ensure a form of motivation that would guarantee that there are employees who would want to put up specialized roles and work with the agency for long, so as to be beneficiaries of the rate. Imperatively, the locality and special rate supplements in relation to retention is an internal mechanism, together with the internal hiring process to ensure that there is an absolute retention among the labor force of the agency. Implications of Human Resource Workforce The three components of human resource planning discussed above come with three major implications, which could all be summed up in a common terminology known as increased productivity. This is because the inclusion of an external agency in hiring ensures fairness and adherence to state principles, which brings about a highly credible hiring process that is devoid of all forms of biases (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, 2003b ). Once this is achieved, productivity can be guaranteed because the issue of putting square pegs in round holes will be done away with, thereby, ensuring that people are placed at positions where they can perform to their utmost best.

Applied Psychological Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Applied Psychological Perspectives - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that many employees develop a certain amount of fear that people are staring at them and are less open to the level of criticism they are probable to face at their work at any point of time. Apparently, various assessments conducted help in assisting individuals according to their area of struggle providing regular feedbacks. These strategies enhance their ability to develop their communication skills and even enhance capabilities to express at the different stages of their work environment. Furthermore, this even helps the employees to meet with the requirements of their high level of anxiety or discomfort that they face during communication or developing interpersonal conversation among peers. The observation of developing the interpersonal communication significantly assists and individual to outline their strength and weakness. Developing the context of interpersonal communication will significantly allow effective communication amid individuals even w hen they belong from different cultural or ethnic background.

Phenyl Thiocarbanate (PTC) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based Research Paper

Phenyl Thiocarbanate (PTC) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based genetic analysis of the PTC genotype using human-specific DNA primers - Research Paper Example Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) also known as phenylthiorea (PTU) is an organosulfur thiorea that has phenyl ring (Karlsson, Et al., 2001). This chemical has a unique characteristic in that it tastes very bitter to some people or has no taste to other people (Woodings, 2012). PTC tasting is a genetically controlled ability to taste PTC and related substances, these have antithyroid activity (F.D. Kitchin, 1959). The PTC tasting ability is governed by a pair of alleles, dominant T for tasting and recessive t for non-tasting. People who have genotypes TT and Tt are tasters while those with genotype tt are non tasters. PTC tasting is determined by the level of dithiotyrosine in the saliva and this may be correlated to the dislike of plants in the Brassica genus among some people (M. Padmavathi, 2013). PTC is not found naturally, however, the ability to taste PTC correlates with the ability to taste other bitter substances that are found naturally. The PTC gene explains 85% of the total influe nce on whether a person is a taster or a non-taster, other factors such as having a dry mouth, explain the remaining 15% (HHMI, 2015). This explains why some people find some food too bitter to taste while other find this food not bitter at all.PTC has a unique characteristic because it tastes bitter to some people and has no taste to others. . PTC tasting is a genetically controlled ability to taste PTC and related substances that have antithyroid activity. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup or composition of an organism.

Management Accounting- A case study in balanced scorecard Essay

Management Accounting- A case study in balanced scorecard - Essay Example The balanced scorecard revolves around this strategy. In relation to growing the revenues, the shift of emphasis on traditional ticketing distribution will enable the company to cut on various items on its administrative overhead. This entails a shift in market strategy, mainly by re-positioning the Yunnan Lucky Air brand to becoming an on-line travel leader through its e-commerce business model. These changes are reflected on the perceptions as objectives about the brand and the website on the customers perspective, and would later transform into expectations of customers. In order to meet these expectations, various internal processes in line with the adoption of the e-commerce business model in terms of sales and distribution should be addressed. Lastly, learning and growth objectives are related to the changes in the companys HR policies because of the new organisational structure. Fulfiling these objectives tell about how the strategies will be carried out as soon as changes are enacted. The balanced scorecard has been widely accepted by the business community since its introduction by Norton and Kaplan in 1992 (Kaplan & Norton 1993). This paper aims to explore the benefits as well as the limitations of the framework in order to recommend the adoption of it to the business practices of the Chinese airline company, Yunnan Lucky Air. One major benefit of the balanced scorecard is that the framework provides a multidimensional assessment of the issues in line with a companys vision and strategy using the four perspectives (Dror 2008). In the case of Yunnan Lucky Air, for instance, setting an expansion strategy can be off-the-target if the objectives in line with the strategy are not coordinated by these four objectives. If the company chooses to expand with only regard to the customers and not its shareholders, an expansion strategy of continuing the low-cost positioning

Cyber crime Laws and The Financial analysis applications Use In Saudi Essay

Cyber crime Laws and The Financial analysis applications Use In Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The Holy Quran did not assert the penalties and laws for computer crimes; however, it tackles public sanctions like theft, adultery, murder and other sanctions. Thus, an Anti-Crime act exists to fight cyber crimes ("Cybercrime and the Law: An Islamic View," n.d.). It also establishes the level of every crime and the resultant harm. For instance (stealing from bank accounts and stealing of the personal videos or pictures from computer) they are under the theft law but there are diverse effects of everyone, so the penalty of every one of them has to be unlike. In all other countries, the laws of the age of children must be less than 18 but Saudi Arabia has 15 members of the Shoura Council who suggests that the age to be less than 15. According to research, 20% of the children in Saudi Arabia are exposed to pornography crime each year. A number of websites availed pornography and scratch the Islamic principles, are blocked as directed by Saudi Arabia Internet Services (www.internet.gov.sa). Cyber Terrorism crime is classified under the distribution of corruption. Research concerning computer crime along with computer ethics is same (Wild, 2011). The aptitude of writing on computer ethics with related areas to make a detailed perceptive of inequalities that surround the field of information technology is greatly affected by types of technological liberalism and determinism. Computer crimes happen in many diverse forms, ranging from child pornography to cyber stalking. Cyber stalking is stalking behavior done by means of some feature of information technologies. The ever rising internet use by criminals has led a rush of legislation along with other interests. Regrettably, in spite of a number of high-profile instances reported both on the Internet and in print media, the topic is yet to be given systematic investigation against a suitable theoretical structure. Such a theoretical

Northern Ireland Political Conflict Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Northern Ireland Political Conflict - Case Study Example This essay discusses the various perspectives to the peace process and conflict resolution in Northern Ireland showing that the outcome of the peace process as an enduring framework could be interpreted in different ways. After the finalisation of the Northern Ireland accord, all Northern Ireland political groups agreed on the formation of a new coalition government, but in 1999 the peace process faced a major setback when the IRA refused to disarm. The IRA claimed that it would disarm only after a new government is formed. The Ulster Unionists wanted disarmament of the IRA and boycotted the Assembly session that would have nominated a new coalition government. Thus the initiated Northern Irish government that was promised in the 1998 accord was brought to a halt in 1999. This process of new government formation was attempted several times although failed consequently due to IRA's failure to keep promises on decommissioning, a position they held in 1998. The IRA disarmed completely in 2005 to end violence making way for an enduring peace process in the region. However it is important to focus on whether this has been successful. Globalisation seems to have played a major role in transforming the approach to conflict and in bringing about stability within a region. This could be explained by the fact that the emergence of global institutions associated with globalisation can bring about changes towards de-territorialsing sovereignty and can also provide solutions to resolve the ethno national conflicts within a trans-national context. Globalisation perspectives consider the national problems at a global level and in case of both Northern Ireland and Israel Palestine conflicts, conflict resolution has been associated with global integration although in these two cases, there have been many differences in the structure, dynamics and outcomes of the peace process (Ben Porat, 2005). Ben Porat (2005) has highlighted the fact that the Agreement in Northern Ireland meant for peaceful resolution has been based on a power sharing model between Protestants and Catholics so that both the groups could claim and express their national identity. This according to Ben Porat is quite in contrast to the peace process in the Middle East and agreement between Israel and Palestine that focused on partition rather than power sharing. Coakley (2003) points out that the agreement of 1998 between British and Irish governments has been a subtle political document which could be exemplary and a model for other similar conflicts. Coakley discusses extensively on the features of the agreement suggesting that the document included several important decisions and compromises in the areas of citizenship, rights, equality, reforms, and criminal justice systems, release of prisoners, demilitarization and decommissioning of paramilitary weapons. All these aspects were considered within the agreement and being a very comprehensive document, the 1998 settlement could be considered as exemplary as some of its features would be common to all similar conflicts providing a basis for conflict resolution. Dingley (2005) however claim that the 1998 agreement which has been considered

Barriers to Communication Essay Example for Free

Barriers to Communication Essay Organisational communication relates to the way organisations adapt themselves to changing environments, externally and internally. The focus is on interaction with stakeholders and within the organisation and with co-workers. In these interactions different perceptions (in meanings and interests) must be dealt with to create common ground. Barriers to communication refers to any kind or form of communication impediment within an organization such as noise, bureaucracy and semantic differences. The organisation that I used to work for is SIRDC and it is primarily involved in scientific research and innovation. It is located around 15kilometres away from town in the Hatcliffe Extension area. The barriers to communication in the organisation include the following: Semantic barriers Did you hear what I meant for you to hear? This has been a frequent statement in the boardrooms! With todays increasingly diverse workforce, it is easy to believe you have conveyed information to someone, but you are not aware that they interpreted you differently than you intended. Unfortunately, you wont be aware of this problem until a major problem or issue arises out of the confusion. This usually arises due to the interpretation of different words. Due to the diverse educational and cultural backgrounds [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=backgrounds%3Bv=56] in my organisation, semantics acts as a hindrance to effective communication as people [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=people%3Bv=56] would argue that we agreed to pursue another option in the last meeting when it was not the case. This is usually prevalent when the business [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=business%3Bv=56] people [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=people%3Bv=56] in the organisation are discussing issues with the scientists on the viability of their innovations. The organisation has chemists, engineers, marketing [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=marketing%3Bv=56] personnel, financial analysts, nutritionists, electricians, biotechnologists among many  others. Bureaucracy When organizations are just getting started, their leaders can often prize themselves on not being burdened with what seems as bureaucratic overhead, that is, as extensive written policies and procedures. Writing [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=Writing%3Bv=56] something down can be seen as a sign of bureaucracy and to be avoided. As the organization grows, it needs more communications and feedback to remain healthy, but this communication is not valued. As a result, increasing confusion ensues unless management [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=management%3Bv=56] matures and realizes the need for increased, reliable communications. This was the case when the department that I was under was at its infancy level and this was done to have confidence of other institutes within the organisation, since our department was mainly support in nature. Organisational Structure However, at the organizational level, authority tends to be centralised at the top and this usually results in information taking too long to reach all the employees. The Director-General has the final say in the all the organizational decision making process. The Public relations department is responsible for all the organizational communication even on technical aspects unless the technical people [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=people%3Bv=56] are given the authority to talk to the media. Assumed Knowledge If I know it, then everyone must know it. Perhaps the most common communications problem is managements (leaders and managers) assumption that because they are aware of some piece of information, than everyone else is, too. Usually staff are not aware unless management  [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=management%3Bv=56] makes a deliberate attempt to carefully convey information. This has been the case especially on the technical fields where the managers think that every employee is aware of the basics in the related field. Sometimes, employees will be scared to ask because the boss has already assumed that everyone knows the principles. The result is that the job [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=job%3Bv=56] is not done properly and incompetence is labeled to the subordinates. Information Ownership Some people [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=people%3Bv=56] within the organisation would not want to share information with others and this has been termed HITES Holding Information To Enhance Status. This is usually the case in fields such as information technology (IT) where a person is solely employed because of the knowledge of a particular program. If he is to teach others the he loses his expert power and negotiating power within the organisation. Such group of people [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=people%3Bv=56] can make the organisation be at ransom if their demands are not met. Ethnocentricity This is mainly to do with judging people [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=people%3Bv=56] according to ones culture and thinking. This is a result of diverse cultures and different levels of education [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=education%3Bv=56] within the organisation. Camps within an organization Camps are usually created based on political persuasion, religious beliefs, as well as on tribal grounds. Since my organization is a parastatal and it is in the Presidents Office  [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=Office%3Bv=56], it is expected that within the organization we should be pro-government. However, some people [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=people%3Bv=56] are known to support other parties, so communication tends to be hindered as one is not so sure how to respond to certain issues raised. Tribal issues tend to hinder communication in my organization as some people [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=people%3Bv=56] feel one tribe is getting the attention of the senior executive in the organization. This has been further worsened in the recruitment exercise for senior posts. Managers failure to recognize the efforts of subordinates If I need your opinion, I will tell it to you. Communications problems can arise when management [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=management%3Bv=56] simply sees no value whatsoever in communicating with subordinates, believing subordinates should shut up and do their jobs [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=jobs%3Bv=56] as assigned. This kind of attitude discourages the subordinates and might force them to just leave the mistakes that their superior has done which might be detrimental to the organizational objectives and goals. The attitude of I know everything has retarded the learning [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=learning%3Bv=56] process in the organization. Inexperienced managers are usually the culprits in this regard as they find no need to communicate with subordinates. So whats to talk about? Communications problems can arise when inexperienced management [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=management%3Bv=56] interprets its job [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=job%3Bv=56] to be solving problems and if they are no problems/crises, then there is nothing that needs to be communicated. Conclusion Effective internal communications start with effective skills in communications, including basic skills in listening, speaking, questioning  and sharing feedback These can developed with some concerted review and practice. Perhaps the most important outcome from these skills is conveying that you value hearing from others and their hearing from you. Sound meeting management [http://www.ntsearch.com/search.php?q=management%3Bv=56] skills go a long way toward ensuring effective communications, too. A key ingredient to developing effective communications in any organization is each person taking responsibility to assert when they dont understand a communication or to suggest when and how someone could communicate more effectively.

Isolation of Casein from Milk and Powdered Milk

Isolation of Casein from Milk and Powdered Milk 1.1 Introduction (Walsh, 2002) stated that, proteins are biological macromolecules composed of amino acids proteins consist of one or more polypeptide which are the chain of amino acids interconnected by peptide bonds.Alberts et al., (2013) detailed that, amino acids of proteins is either hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature. Therefore the resulting polypeptide chain shows an amphipathic characteristic. Hydrophilic amino acids exist peripherally in some biological system and they are highly water soluble. Whereas some amino acid does not exist the polar groups to the environment. ‘’The most important factors that influence protein solubility are structure, size, charge and the solvent‘’ (Burgess, and Deutscher, 2009). Also Burgess, and Deutscher (2009) stated that, once the precipitation obtained, the solution can be separated by centrifugation or precipitation. ‘’Protein precipitates are aggregates of protein molecular large enough to be visible and to be collected by centrifugation. The distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues at the surface of a protein determines its solubility properties‘’. (Rosenburg, 2006). Precipitation is mainly done for concentrate the target protein. And it is attained by adding reagents such as salts (ammonium sulfate) or organic solvents (acetone or ethanol). (Hatti-Kaul and Mattiasson, 2003) 1.1.1 Isolation of casein Milk contains three kinds of proteins: caseins, lactalbumins, and lactoglobulins, all of which are globular proteins. (Spurlock, 2014). Ahluwalia and Dhingra, (2005) stated that, Casein is a combination of phosphoproteins presenting in milk and cheese.it is existing to the amount of 3% in milk along with 4-5% of lactose and 3-4% of fats and the rest is water. Caseins exist in micelles which are composed of sub micelles linked by the characteristic of hydrocolloid which are freely suspended in the aqueous phase of milk. (Tarte, 2009). Casein can be electrophoretically fractioned into four major components: alpha-, beta-, gamma-and kappa- casein. Casein develops precipitation from milk at pH 4.6, which has a negative charge when compare to the pH of the milk. Therefor it can be precipitate as salt by adding acids. (Miller, Jarvis and McBean, 2006). 1.2 Objectives To learn the methods of protein precipitation and to relate the solubility of protein with its structure. To learn the methods of isolation of casein from milk and to determine the percentage of casein presented in the (powdered) milk. 1.3 Materials Test tubes Beakers Pipette Clamp Filtering paper Electronic balance Watch glass Bunsen burner Albumin sample Ammonium sulfate Sodium hydroxide Copper sulfate Ethanol Picric acid Lead nitrate Powdered milk Warm water 1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 Precipitation by salts Albumin, 3.00ml was taken into a test tube, ammonium sulfate was added to it and was mixed until the solution gets saturated. The solution was allowed to stand for about 5 minutes and filtered by using filter paper. The biuret test was done to the filtered solution. 3.00 ml of filtered solution was taken into another test tube and same amount of NaOH was added to it, CuSO4 was added drop by drop. 1.4.2 Precipitation by organic solvents Albumin, 1.00 ml was taken into a test tube using a pipette. And 4.00 ml of ethanol was added .the solution was mixed well and was allowed to stand. 1.4.3 Precipitation by acidic agents Picric acid solution, 1.00 ml was added into 1.00ml of albumin solution. 1.4.4 Precipitation by heavy metal ions Lead nitrate, 8 drops were added into 1.00 ml of albumin. 1.4.5 Precipitation by heat and acid Albumin, 10 ml was taken into a test tube and the upper part of the solution was held over the Bunsen flame. After the observation few drops of 1% acetic acid were added. 1.4.6 Isolation of casein Powdered milk (non-fat), 17.5 g was weighed by using electronic balance and was dissolved by adding 62.5 ml of warm water in a 200ml beaker. Acetic acid (10%) was added in a drop wise manner with stirring until the liquid changes in to clear solution. the obtained solution was filtered by using clamp, filtering material and beaker. The yield casein was allowed to dry and was weighed using electronic balance. Biuret test was done for the filtered solution. 3.00 ml of filtered solution was taken into another test tube and same amount of NaOH was added to it, CuSO4 was added drop by drop. 1.5 Results Test Observation Interference Precipitation by metal ions White color precipitation Proteins can be precipitated by metal ions(positive for proteins) Precipitation by heat and acid Initially cloudy white precipitation was observed on the upper part of the solution and by adding acetic acid white color precipitation was observed. Proteins can be precipitate by heat and acid(positive for proteins) Precipitation by organic solvents White color precipitation was observed Proteins can be precipitate by organic solvents(positive for proteins) Precipitation by acidic agent White color precipitation was observed Proteins can be precipitate by acidic agents. (positive for proteins) Precipitation of salts Biuret test White color precipitation was observed. Purple color ring was observed Proteins can be precipitate by salts. Positive for proteins. Isolation of casein Biuret test for filtration Casein 13.01g was weighed Purple color ring was formed in filtered casein solution Yield %= Ãâ€" 100 = Ãâ€" 100 = 74.30% Positive for proteins. 1.6 Discussions Precipitation of protein can be obtained by isoelectric precipitation method. ‘’isoelectric precipitation is the most widely used method’ (Fox and McSweeney, 2003). Proteins can be precipitated by bringing their pH to its isoelectric point in which protein solubility is very low. (Shankara, 2008) Proteins can be precipitate by salts in two ways, half saturation with ammonium sulfate and full saturation with ammonium sulfate. Rashmi, (2002) stated that, different proteins show different precipitation reaction towards diverse agents. The full saturation with ammonium sulfate was done in the laboratory. Also the filtrate was tested by biuret reagent, resulted purple color. ‘Compounds with two or more peptide bonds give a violet color with alkaline copper sulfate’ (Rashmi, 2002) Proteins are strong in solution when they are enclosed by entirely hydrogen-bonded water molecules, as water molecules with additional hydrogen bonding ability have greater entropy and are more aggressive. (Chaplin, 2014) hydrated sphere decrease the non -polarity. Higher the diameter of the sphere higher the solubility. For an example, it is easy to precipitate globulin from proteins by adding salts, than albumin because globulin has small diameter of hydrated sphere when compare to albumin. The similar concept is used in precipitating proteins by organic solvents and acidic agents. Organic solvents remove the hydrated sphere and decrease solubility resulting increase precipitation. Acids neutralize the polarity of the hydrated sphere and decrease solubility in order to increase precipitation. Denaturation occur on heating or adding acidic agents to proteins. Therefor its change the polarity of a protein by changing the arrangements of polar and non-polar groups within the molecule. Less polarity decrease the solubility and increases the precipitation. Precipitation by heavy metal ions lead nitrate was used instead of lead acetate or mercuric nitrate. Shankara(2008) stated that, metal ions which are positively charged interrelate with negatively charged groups of the protein producing precipitation as metal-proteinate complex. According to the percentage of yield and from the result of biuret test of the filtrate, there can be some proteins present in the filtrate. Because, the milk contains about 3.5% protein by weight and of the total protein, about 80% is casein and 20% is whey protein. (Miller, Jarvis and McBean, 2006) Filtration of casein can be done in two ways. Such as, gravitational filtration and sucktional filtration. 1.7. Conclusion Proteins were precipitated by using metal ions, heat, organic solvents, acidic agents and salts. The percentage of yield casein of the sample is 74.30%. References Ahluwalia, V. and Dhingra, S. (2005). College Practical Chemistry. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=1OgRECl_nwMCpg=PA276dq=isolation+of+caseinhl=ensa=Xei=s0rBU_jZEtOzuATSzICACgved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=isolation of caseinf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Alberts, B., Bray, D., hopkin, K., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P. (2013). Essential Cell Biology, Fourth Edition. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=Cg4WAgAAQBAJpg=PA371dq=proteins+and+hydrophilic+and+hydrophobichl=ensa=Xei=oj7BU-jdAYaUuATRyYCwDgved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepageq=proteins and hydrophilic and hydrophobicf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Burgess,, R. and Deutscher, M. (2009). Guide to Protein Purification. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=f6Lp4yna4hoCpg=PA118dq=protein+precipitationhl=ensa=Xei=W-jAU4icLtChugSK0IDoDgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=protein precipitationf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Chaplin, M. (2014). Home | London South Bank University. [Online] Www1.lsbu.ac.uk. Available at: http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/ [Accessed 13 Jul. 2014]. Fox, P. and McSweeney, P. (2003). Advanced Dairy Chemistry: Volume 1: Proteins, Parts AB. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=RMNkAc5PkVECpg=PA5dq=isoelectric+precipitation+of+proteinhl=ensa=Xei=MmPBU4yaIs-SuATO_IKIBgved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=isoelectric precipitation of proteinf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Hatti-Kaul, R. and Mattiasson, B. (2003). Isolation and Purification of Proteins. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=CdHn45QCU_8Cpg=PA226dq=protein+precipitationhl=ensa=Xei=W-jAU4icLtChugSK0IDoDgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=protein precipitationf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Miller, G., Jarvis, J. and McBean, L. (2006). Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition, Third Edition. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=5tleQ0aLJvoCpg=PA1dq=components+of++milkhl=ensa=Xei=RQzCU8_-EI-_uAS2kYCQBwved=0CD0Q6AEwBw#v=onepageq=components of milkf=false [Accessed 13 Jul. 2014]. Rashmi, J. (2002). A Textbook of Practical Biochemistry. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=wBfAshZ3ZaUCprintsec=frontcoverdq=bio+chemistry+lab+practicalshl=ensa=Xei=XGrBU6i9ENWRuASr9oL4Bwved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=bio chemistry lab practicalsf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Rosenburg, (2006). Protein Analysis and Purification. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=gi-UgCF8G6ECpg=PA143dq=protein+precipitationhl=ensa=Xei=W-jAU4icLtChugSK0IDoDgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=protein precipitationf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Shankara, (2008). Practical Biochemistry 2008. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=nPphGdHO_XcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=bio+chemistry+lab+practicalshl=ensa=Xei=XGrBU6i9ENWRuASr9oL4Bwved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageq=bio chemistry lab practicalsf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Spurlock, D. (2014). Deborah Spurlocks Chemistry Homepage. [Online] Homepages.ius.edu. Available at: http://homepages.ius.edu/DSPURLOC/ [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014]. Tartà ©, R. (2009). Ingredients in Meat Products. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=C-wrQaaXxj0Cpg=PA132dq=principle+of+milk+proteinhl=ensa=Xei=lgjCU_DhDZGTuASf_oGoAgved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=principle of milk proteinf=false [Accessed 13 Jul. 2014]. Walsh, G. (2002). Proteins. [Online] Google Books. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=EXTEjL2wTnYCprintsec=frontcoverdq=proteinhl=ensa=Xei=oEjBU4nXFZeTuAS62YGYDQved=0CD8Q6AEwBg#v=onepageq=proteinf=false [Accessed 12 Jul. 2014].

Fact of Blackness by Frantz Fanon :: personal response essay

â€Å"The Fact of Blackness† by Frantz Fanon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article was an eye opener. After Fanon got away from the huge mind boggling words, I kind of felt for an extremely short second what it actually felt to be a black man. I myself am a unique mixture of races and I was fortunate to have grown up in such a way that I experienced my two main cultures vividly. I can laugh with George Lopez, and feel the pain, anguish, and laughter that are associated with a Mexican American heritage. The same goes for Larry the Cable Guy, I can laugh at what he says in his stand comedy routine, because I can relate with my Anglo culture. Going back to how Fanon explains his anguish of being labeled, it’s understandable, I’ve been there, but unlike Fanon, I learned to how to run with racial comments. However, I’m not black and cannot relate to his culture, or how bad for his time it must have been for an average black male.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I start with saying blah. I cannot in my mind imagine what it was for Fanon growing up, but he never embraces love for who his is. The racial slurs and dehumanization is in my opinion not reason enough to write hatred for what you are born into. Not once does he state philosophy on why it’s ok to be what he is. Instead he places himself into an â€Å"infernal circle† that he is embraced by white people in spite that he is black, but when he has an enemy they claim that it is so not because he is a black man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My own experiences tell me that every bit of what he says is true. I work at an inner city Walgreen’s, and I’m told to watch certain people because they look suspicious, when in fact the only crime they commit is being a minority. I’m sometimes told to not spend too much time on a Mexican customer, because they don’t contribute enough money to our store, and to focus on our money crazed white customers, who never get questioned opening up products. I used to get stopped In Walgreen’s when I was a freshman in High School. I had to leave my back pack at the door and only one of my companions could come with me at a time. However, I would see plain as day, white students walking in the store at leisure with their book bags on.

Television Soap Operas and Moral Debate :: Philosophy Research Papers

Television Soap Operas and Moral Debate ABSTRACT: This paper proposes that we should aim to refine talk about issues in soap opera as a means of developing moral reasoning skills. I begin with a report of work at schools in New Jersey over 1996-97, during which excerpts of a popular soap opera, 'Party of Five,' were used as the basis of a rigorous philosophical discussion of moral behavior. I then turn to the distinctive role of soap opera as a locus of moral discussion, with an example of a Mexicana telenovela. I suggest that children are already engaged in moral debate about soap operas and are eager to develop a more rigorous critical framework for the debate. I argue that children appreciate the opportunity to flesh out the school yard gossip about soap operas with a philosophically sophisticated discussion. My approach draws on the work of Matthew Lipman in philosophy for children, Neil Postman's critique of television, and David Buckingham's analysis of children's responses to television. The paper proposes that we aim to refine talk about issues in soap opera as a means of developing moral reasoning skills. It begins with a report of work at schools in New Jersey over 1996-7, during which excerpts of a popular soap opera, 'Party of Five' were used as the basis of a rigorous philosophical discussion of moral behaviour. The paper then turns to the distinctive role of soap opera as a locus of moral discussion, with an example of a Mexican telenovela. I suggest that children are already engaged in moral debate about soap operas and are eager to develop a more rigorous critical framework for the debate. My argument is that children appreciate the opportunity to flesh out the school yard gossip about soap operas with a philosophically sophisticated discussion. The approach draws on the work of Matthew Lipman in Philosophy for Children, Neil Postman's critique of television and David Buckingham's analysis of children's responses to television. PARTY OF FIVE Claudia: No, uh ah, no way. Charlie: Claudia Claudia: No, forget it. That's, that is a terrible thing to do. Julia: Yeah, it is. It is, but how else, Claude, I mean, how else are we going to get him here? Claudia: I don't know, but that? No, you can't tell him that. You can't have him get in his car and drive all the way over here thinking that. You don't think this is the cruelest thing you could do to a person, I mean you're actually OK with this ?

Role of Women in Hemmingways Hills like White Elephants, Lawrences Th

Role of Women in Hemmingway's Hills like White Elephants, Lawrence's The Horse Dealers Daughter and Faulkner's A Rose for Emily The role of women in society is constantly questioned and for centuries women have struggled to find their place in a world that is predominantly male oriented. Literature provides a window into the lives, thoughts and actions of women during certain periods of time in a fictitious form, yet often truthful in many ways. Ernest Hemmingway's "Hills like White Elephants", D.H. Lawrence's "The Horse Dealers Daughter" and William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" each paint a picture of a woman who has failed to break away from her male companion, all describing a stereotypically dominated woman. Through submissive natures, compliant attitudes, and shattered egos the three women each struggle to live their lives in accordance to men, using only silent means of escape. In Hemingway's "Hills Like White Elephants" we are introduced to Jig. Jig is a woman who lacks the ability to make decisions without constant approval and recognition from a man who has impregnated her but who would rather she aborts the baby. Jig, unfortunately, cannot make decisions on her own, which is exemplified throughout the story, depicting her weak and dependent personality. "What should we drink?" From the opening line of the story we are introduced to a character that questions rather than acts. Someone who is unsure of not only herself but the relationship she is involved in. Though a simple question about what beverage to order can often appear courteous, this is only the first of many examples pertaining to Jig's inability to live her life as an individual. Later she questions her purpose in life, "That's all we do isn't it-look... ... Emily's lack of ability to let any male dominant leave her life. She murdered this man so that she could have him with her at all times until she too could die. Emily never left her house, hiding from the world. Only in the company of a man would she venture out into the streets. Emily suffered from a lack of ability to let go and an uncontrollable desire to hold on to those men who would control her life. In all three stories women are represented in a tragic, pitiful light. In a society, those today supports women's abilities to be independent and live their lives as they chose once lived subordinate, dependent women. Stories such as these have helped to shape the present day's understanding of women's place in society. Works Cited  · Geddes, Gary, ed. The Art of Short Fiction. (pp.399-409) and (pp. 322-325)  · Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily

Rapid Regeneration of Chelated Iron Desulfurization Solution

Effect of rotation speed of electrode on the regeneration rate Figure 3 illustrates the effect of rotation speed of 138 Figure 2 Experimental process flow diagram I?power supply; 2?motor; 3?quid distributor; 4?cathode; 5?ceramic membrane; 6?gas distributor; 7?anode; 8?air steel container; 9?regenerated solution tank; 10?original decentralization solution tank; 11?pump is too high, the contact time between the collated iron elution and electrode is shortened, and the electrochemical oxidation reactions will be not complete, so the regeneration rate decreases slightly.Moreover, it is well known that higher rotating speed will cause in industrial applications. In this experiment, the regeneration rate can reach a maximum value of 84. 9% when rotation speed of electrode is equal to 180 rain-l, which is about 1. 6 times that achieves in the static electrode environment. The experiments demonstrate that the rotating electrode has significant advantages in improving the regeneration rate. F igure 3Effect of rotation speed of electrode on the regeneration rate electrode on the regeneration rate at a voltage of 4 V, an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1 and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l . A higher rotating speed of electrode is favorable to increase the regeneration rate, resulting in higher regeneration efficiency. At lower rotating speed, the air bubbles in solution and the bubbles created during electrochemical reactions can adhere easily to the electrode surface and reduce the electrode activity area, which will decrease the electrochemical oxidation efficiency.With an increasing rotating speed, the bubbles can be timely detached from the electrode surface, and the thickness of diffusion layer decreases and the concentration difference can be eliminated rapidly. The increase of current density enhances the electrochemical regeneration effect. At the same time, the gas-liquid mixing degree and turbulence intensity will be enhanced to favor the mass transfer at a hi gher rotating speed, which can lead to the quick supplement of the dissolved oxygen consumed in the regeneration process.Thus, the regeneration rate increases with increasing rotating speed. However, when the rotating speed of electrode 3. 2 Effect of voltage on the regeneration rate Figure 4 shows the influence of voltage on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1 and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l . The regeneration rate increases as voltage increases due to that the current density increases rapidly at the initial stage with the increase of voltage, resulting in an increased electrochemical reaction driving force.The increase of voltage is favorable to the regeneration rate in both of he rotating electrode and the static electrode environments. But the regeneration rate in the rotating electrode environment is higher than that in the static electrode environment at the same voltage due to that the rotating elec trode can provide a great and rapid renewed surface of the electrode to strengthen the electrochemical oxidation process. When the voltage regeneration rate increases slowly probably due to that the current density and the electrochemical reaction driving force increases slowly.Moreover, too high voltage easily leads to higher energy consumption and more side reactions. Thus, an appropriate voltage of 4 V is selected and the regeneration rate is 84. 8%. The new electrochemical reactor can be considered as the 139 strengthens the micro-mixing efficiency of the air and solution, resulting in excellent mixing and higher mass transfer rate. When inlet air flow rate increases to higher than 2 MPH-1, the regeneration rate increases slowly.The reason may be that the residence time of air becomes shorter in solution and the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency decreases with a too large inlet air flow rate. Therefore, an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1 s appropriate and the regeneration rate is 84. 8%. The experiments indicate that the rotating electrode has significant influence on improving the regeneration efficiency of air oxidation. Figure 4 Effect of voltage on the regeneration rate rotating electrode; A static electrode traditional tank-type reactor on condition that the voltage is O V in the static electrode environment.Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration rate of the new electrochemical reactor is increased from 45. 3% to 84. 8% compared with the traditional tank-type reactor. The experiments indicate that the rotating electrode can dramatically improve the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation. 3. 3 Effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate Figure 5 shows the effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, a voltage of 4 V and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l .With increasing inlet air flow rate, the regeneration rate first increases rapidly and then changes slightly both in th e rotating electrode and static electrode environments due to that the dissolved the rotating electrode environment, the regeneration rate is always higher than that achieved in the static electrode environment because the rotating electrode Figure 5 Effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate rotating electrode; A static electrode 3. Effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate Figure 6 illustrates the effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, a voltage of 4 V and an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1. The regeneration rate first decreases slowly and then decreases rapidly with the increase of the inlet liquid flow rate in the rotating electrode environment, which shows the same trend as he case of the static electrode environment.The smaller the inlet liquid flow rate is, the longer the residence time of liquid in the electrochemical reactor will be. Long residence time can benefit the regeneration of the collated iron decentralization solution because the gas-liquid contract time and the electrolysis time are one of the most important influence factors of the regeneration process. When inlet liquid flow rate is less than 80 Oh-I, the regeneration rate remains at over 84. 6%.When inlet liquid flow rate continues to increase to higher than 80 Lo-l , the residence time of quid in the electrochemical reactor becomes shorter gradually, resulting in rapid decrease in the regeneration rate. Under the condition that the treatment capacity is bigger and the regeneration rate is higher, an optimum inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l is selected and the regeneration rate reaches 84. 6%, which is about 1. 6 times that in the static electrode environment.The Figure 6 Effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate rotating electrode; A static electrode 140 experiments demonstrate that the rotating electrode has significant advantages in increasing the treatment opacity of regener ation process. A new type of electrochemical reactor with rotating cylindrical electrodes exhibits better regeneration performance for the collated iron decentralization solution than the traditional tank-type reactor due to its good electrochemical oxidation property and gas-liquid mass transfer performance.The novel electrochemical reactor can not only provide a great and rapid renewed surface to accelerate the regeneration process of electrochemical oxidation, but also provide an excellent gas-liquid mixing environment to strengthen the regeneration recess of air oxidation, overcoming the poor mass transfer effect and the low oxidation regeneration efficiency in the traditional tank-type reactor. Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration rate of collated iron decentralization solution is increased from 45. 3% to 84. 8%.

Body and gender representation Essay

The general public is also the intended audience for this movie. Here, woman is represented as a jobless, single mother, a situation that many women in society find themselves in. Out of desperation, Brokovich presses her lawyer to give her a job in his firm and was given a clerical position. However, she was not treated with seriousness because she did not conform to the dress and manners required of an office employee. In the course of her work, she came across information about a company depositing toxic chemicals that polluted the local water supply. She takes an active role in building a case against the company. Gender representation is consistent with cultural norms in that women are mothers whose role is to nurture their children. However, the strength, assertiveness, intelligence, efforts to control and direct life and active involvement in social issues portrayed by Brokovich departs from cultural norms which dictate that women be passive, dependent or should focus their time on domestic affairs. This female representation is very positive. Les Miserables (1998) An adaptation of the French classic novel, the movie is again for general patronage. In line with the novel, the film portrays an ex-convict Jean Valjean who commits crime but soon establishes a new life under a new identity. He builds a business employing the poor and disadvantaged and upon the dying wishes of a prostitute whom he defended from unjust imprisonment and whom he took care of while sick, raises her daughter as his own. He does everything to ensure her safety, education, home, social standing and financial security. Gender representation in this film is positive. Male representation moves away from the cultural norm of detached and not domestically inclined father. Here, Valjean takes on the nurturing role, selfless with a strong stance against the oppression of both women and men. However, this was not carried out in the traditional manner of knight in shining armor or as a male holding a position of power but rather as a struggling person helping his fellow poor. The representation of women was through Fantine, an unwed mother whom poverty forced into prostitution and her daughter who was enslaved and abused by the family to whom she was initially entrusted. The woman in this family was particularly cruel. This portrayal of women as traditionally helpless, discriminated and taken advantage of but who can also take on the role of oppressor provides a realistic view of the variety of roles that women take on in society. Pictures 1. This photo in a magazine’s swim suit edition portrays femininity in terms of physical beauty. This is defined as flawless hair, clear skin with an excellent tone, slimness and curves. This representation is consistent with society and male’s standard of femininity and beauty to which a woman’s worth may be judged. Because women’s bodies are different and the average woman does not look like her at all, its impact on women is negative. It leads them to become dissatisfied with their bodies which results in a poor body image and low self-esteem. It also reinforces women’s gender roles of preoccupation with beauty. In regarding themselves as defective and in cultivating the desire to attain the model’s looks and body, women will spend much time, effort and money. The target audience of the magazine includes teen-agers and young women who are potential buyers of the product being advertised. 2. The strong, muscular and aggressive stance of the male in this photo, which appeared in a magazine for women, represents current cultural norms regarding masculinity which encompasses male gender roles of taking the active part, dominant, capable and powerful. It reflects traditional views that men cannot be soft, weak, puny or vulnerable. Men are affected negatively by this representation because it also establishes a standard that they have to conform to. It establishes that these physical characteristics are what women would find appealing but like women, men are also different. Hence, those men who do not possess the physical attributes portrayed by this model will feel insecure and would also attempt to build their physique and the matching attitude. 3. The intended audience for this picture is also women. Aside from portraying femininity in terms of beauty, femininity is also represented as youth and sensuality. The dress, the body parts revealed and position of the model are both sexy and seductive. It reflects the traditional view of women as sex objects and their role as a source of male sexual fantasy and satisfaction. Similarly, this representation is negative because it implies that in order to be desired by men, women have to have the proper physical attributes of breasts, legs and buttocks such as portrayed. It impacts most especially on the self-esteem of older women since age diminishes the physical characteristics perceived as desirable. Wrinkles, age spots and decreasing muscle tone, which occur within the normal course of an older woman’s life, are now regarded as their adversary.

Classroom Observation Report

INTRODUCTION The school that we have chosen for our classroom observation is SMK Mutiara Rini which is situated at Jalan Persiaran Utama, Taman Mutiara Rini, Skudai Johor Bahru. This school consists of 2250 students from various level of proficiency. We have decided to observe Miss Niwashini Nambiar d/o Aravindan whom are one of our group mates for this classroom observation assignment. Miss Niwashini Nambiar has been teaching English language for both lower and upper secondary for three years. We observed the lower secondary group students whom are in form 2 UKM. There are 32 students in 2 UKM and their English language proficiency level is intermediate. TEACHING METHODOLOGY Before we went to observe Miss Niwashini, we already prepared an observation checklist to make sure that by the end of the observation, we will be able to discuss on the methodology used by the teacher during teaching and learning session. Throughout the lesson, we observed that the teacher minimized the use of mother tongue. She only used it when it was the last resort to make the students understand a particular term or word used during the lesson. The teaching techniques were organized for learners to learn communicative function. During the set induction for example, the teacher came out with something that triggered students' prior knowledge, thus we can see that the students were mostly eager to speak and participate in the conversation. This is parallel with the principle underpinning Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) where according to Brown (2001), CLT involves the use of language productively and receptively where the teacher facilitates and guides the learners to practice language skills in the classroom. For the activities chosen by the teacher during the lesson, we observed that it involved real life communication and also rich mix of classroom activities were implemented, where group work, pair work were all integrated during the lesson. For the group work activity, it allows the students to interact with one another, even some of them still communicate using their mother tongue but, we observed that some of them did tried to use English as much as they can. The lesson was not focused mainly on the form of language but its function as well, where the teacher tried to make the students able to use the target language using the activities done during the lesson. We found that the set induction as well as the activities conducted by the teacher bounded to what has been suggested by Larsen-Freeman (2000) that true communicative activities have three main features: information gap, choice and feedback, using authentic material in a small group activities. By taking the first activity conducted for example, where the students get into a group of five, it applied task-based learning which the students need to complete the task at the same time used the target language and the language acquisition will eventually happen. Another thing that we observed during the class lesson was that the teacher's goal of teaching was to develop students' communicative competence. The opportunities for the students to develop fluency and accuracy were provided by the teacher especially when the students were given a chance to present their work to the class and they got to receive feedback from peers as well as from the teacher. Parrish (2004) advocates that in CLT class, teacher's role is mainly as facilitator to guide the students in the interaction that takes place during teaching and learning session. This can be seen throughout the lesson, where Miss Niwashini did not dominated the lesson and the students' speaking time is maximized by being the main communicator in classroom. From what we have observed, we can conclude Miss Niwashini had integrated Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in her teaching and learning session where she had emphasized on the communication in real-life situation to deliver the lesson. In this report, we also included her lesson plan for that particular lesson to give a clearer view on her teaching and learning session that day. As what is believed by Mustapha ; Yahaya (2013) that the successful implementation of CLT in English language teaching depends largely on the teacher's understanding. We can say that Miss Niwashini's lesson truly has almost all the beliefs under CLT which it was reflected through the way she conducted her lesson in the classroom. This can be seen from her methods and techniques applied during the lesson, the way she designed the activities for her students and the materials used for the activities. LESSON PLANCLASS TIME DURATION ATTENDANCE SUBJECT DAY DATE2UKM 2.20 pm- 3.20 pm 60 M32/32 ENGLISH THURSDAY 5/4/2018LESSON [LESSON 23] LANGUAGE AWARENESS NON-TEXTBOOK BASED LESSONMAIN SKILL(S) FOCUS SPEAKING , READING ; WRITINGTHEME PEOPLE AND CULTURE TOPIC LIVE WELL(HEBAT)LANGUAGE FOCUS Vocabulary related to the topic the health.CONTENT STANDARD Main Skill Writing 4.1Communicate intelligibly through print and digital media on familiar topics.Complementary Skill READING 3.1Understand a variety of texts by using a range of appropriate reading strategies to construct meaning.LEARNING STANDARD Main Skill Writing 4.1.5Connect sentences into two coherent paragraphs or more using basic coordinating conjunctions and pronounsComplementary Skill READING 3.1.1Use with some support familiar print and digital resources to check meaning.LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of the lesson, students should be able to :Create a balanced meal.Identify healthy and unhealthy foods in each of the food groups.SUCCESS CRITERIA At the end of the lesson, students will be able to :Create a balanced meal and explain about the meal with accurate pronunciation based on the given reading text.REFERENCES Access to bilingual dictionaries. CROSS CURRICULAR ELEMENT Technology EducationHOTS Analyzing and Applying MORAL VALUES GratitudeI-THINK Double Bubble Map PAK-21 Round table activity.ACTIVITIESPRE- LESSON LESSON DEVELOPMENT POST- LESSONGreet the students and introduce the topic â€Å"Balanced Meal† for the students.Teacher asks the students at random what do they really understand with the phrase â€Å"Balanced diet† Students will provide the examples of healthy and Unhealthy food. Students will get into group of 5.Students are assigned to create their own balanced meal.They should create a menu card based on the balanced meal that they are going to create. In groups, students are required to explain about the meal that they have created with accurate pronunciation.ASSESSMENT Worksheets REFLECTIONSCLASS : 2UKM 32/32 students able to answer random questions given by their respective teacher. The students able to provide a list of healthy and unhealthy food based on the alphabet shown by their teacher on the whiteboard. Apart from that, students able to identify and classify the healthy and unhealthy food shown by the teacher through random pictures. Students able to create a menu card based on the balanced meal for obesity patients via group work. Students able to present their work within the given time frame and only used English fully throughout the entire lesson.REFERENCESBrown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy (2nd Ed.). New York: Longman.Larsen-Freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching (2nd Ed.).Oxford: Oxford University Press. Parrish, B. (2004). Teaching Adult ESL: A Practical Introduction. 3L Journal of Language Teaching 3(103-109). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mustapha, S. T. ; Y ahaya, R. A. (2013).Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in Malaysian Context: It's Implementation in Selected Community Colleges. Social and Behavioral Sciences 90(788-794). Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi MARA.

Reaction Paper on Hidden Heads of Household

Alma Guardado Professor Turkon October 11, 2018 Reaction Paper on Hidden Heads of Household 1.Within Brazil, poor children are found in situations that they can't escape due to extreme poverty and globalization and even culture. Children are sometimes considered head of households, due to their parent's inability to contribute sufficient income, hence, they would be forced to assist. Like for instance, when a mother cannot work due to pregnancy or staying home to take care of the infants, children would be likely to work to replace their mother, â€Å"I realized that it was the littlest one who was getting the most money. So, I let them go alone, until today.† (Kenny, 1997, p.97) Due, to the low amount of employment available, families must move around frequently to available jobs, which most likely led them to overcrowded, violent favela nearby. Culture and politicians contribute into the factor that poor children within these situations, since children have the mindset that they are unskilled and must work in dirty conditions and politics would lie that they would help on â€Å"gas, light and water bills. However, they do not. They just wanted a vote. Children are forced upon their situation based on their family situation and poverty. 2.In Brazil, globalization and economy are global influences that foster child labor. Child labor was influence due to the increase of wealth, since it brought upon an increase of poverty and inequality. A global shift in production resulted into the growth of favelas, where more children were born into. In those horrible conditions they were forced to find a job at a young age to receive for in their plates every night. Also, due to the â€Å"increase of capital investment in factories† in Brazil â€Å"where the labor is cheap, labor laws are not enforced† brought upon more increase of children working there. Also, factory owners preferred children since they can pay them fewer wages. The increase of economy brought upon the desire of more workers to be able produce more goods. 3.As the author emphasizes how she will give details, and the problematic study will result into good results, I honest expected more. I felt it could be consider an exploitation method, but not a study that led to good result. Yes, it did help numerous programs to be formed, yet exploitation does the same. It did not impact the whole situation in a large extent, it pushed positively, but it did not force individuals to stop and wonder what they could do to change the problem. It does a good job, emphasizing the suffering young children are faced and provokes us readers to feel sympathy and heartache knowing what is happening to them. However, does not give valid results, since the programs are not enforced they are created, yet not pushed forward into action. The author herself can use the situation for her benefit for her research. There was no real solution for her study. 4.Global tourism is one of the issues that affect the lives of many children negatively and positively based on the description given in the book. Some children will arrive at 8 am at the tourist location, to beg for tourist for money, however, sometimes they frequently were only offered food, but the kids wanted money due to the easier way to split money among each other and be able to buy what they want with it and hang on to some. Another, positive aspect of tourism was that they brought employment to male children like guides, vendors and based on the satisfaction they might be able to gain extra money or food additionally from their fee for tours. But, for girls sometimes global tourism would be a negative aspect for them, since most of the time they could not have the same jobs as boys due to their physical appearance, hence, they would work in the sex industry. Sexual relationship with foreigners was in the hopes for young women, since it was a strategy for them to deal with poverty, and a desire for travel and material goods. Girls with low-esteem preferred foreigners to Brazilian men, since they thought they treated them better and believed in the hopes of opportunities would come around. In their perspective they believed they were happy since even if they lacked the formal education and financial safety net, they provided money to their family and felt some statues with their peers. The tourist industry brought exploitation of the poor children, however, at the same time brought hopes. 5.The author refers to â€Å"agent† they mean a representative of the whole community or household on their behalf. Specifically, the â€Å"agents† the author refers to is the children, since they are truly the spokesperson telling their own reality of the harsh situations they are facing. In fact, the children should be agents in crafting policies that affect their situation, since it directly affects them. They are the ones who are facing poverty, low wages and harsh conditions and sometimes even the responsibility to have to put money on the table for their family. A fourteen-year-old child should not have the responsibility to work and not be able to receive an education, so why shouldn't they be able to craft the policies that are affecting their own lives. It's not the politicians nor the high-income class or even the adults who are being directly affect, it's the children. They are the ones who are working and facing conditions that most individuals do not face at their age and no one really knows what goes on in their lives, since yes we can research about it, but it does not mean we face it every day like they do, so they should be ones who craft the certain policies rather than those viewing them â€Å"as sweet little victims.† 6. Globalization isn't a tool to eliminate child labor in Brazil or elsewhere. It may be able to increase the employment and even the earnings to poor households in developing countries. But, the more desire for export products led to an increase of demand for labor, however, not towards adults. Within factories, they would prefer children since they could pay them less for their labor. Also, their shortness was desirable, since â€Å"they could fit in small holes and under machines.† (Kenny, 1997, p.7) Adults would be unemployed, or those in Brazil will work along with their children in the mills or textile factories. Altogether, globalization brought a negative effect, since when Brazil created a minor code to restrict children into working only six hours, parents did not like the idea which didn't led to the enforcement, nor was there an elimination of child labor. Also, the global shift increased the growth of urban favelas, which led poverty becoming deeper in Brazil and those who most likely work in factories would live in poverty, due to their low income. Globalization brings a desire for interaction of economy and prosperity, with no consideration of how children are treated. There is a more focus on the products than those creating the products.Kenny, M. L. (1997). Hidden heads of households: Child labor in Northeast Brazil.